{{infobox anatomy | name

Pupil | Latin | GraySubject | GrayPage | Image Eye_iris.jpg | Caption The human eyeThe pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). The grey/blue area surrounding it is the iris. The white outer area is the sclera, the central transparent part of which is the cornea.'' | Image2 Schematic diagram of the human eye en.svg | Caption2 Schematic diagram of the human eye. | Precursor | System | Artery | Vein | Nerve | Lymph | MeshName | MeshNumber | }}

The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In optical terms, the anatomical pupil is the eye's aperture and the iris is the aperture stop. The image of the pupil as seen from outside the eye is the entrance pupil, which does not exactly correspond to the location and size of the physical pupil because it is magnified by the cornea. On the inner edge lies a prominent structure, the collarette, marking the junction of the embryonic pupillary membrane covering the embryonic pupil.

Controlling

The iris is a contractile structure, consisting mainly of smooth muscle, surrounding the pupil. Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. The iris contains two groups of smooth muscles; a circular group called the sphincter pupillae, and a radial group called the dilator pupillae. When the sphincter pupillae contract, the iris decreases or constricts the size of the pupil. The dilator pupillae, innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, cause the pupil to dilate when they contract. These muscles are sometimes referred to as intrinsic eye muscles. The sensory pathway (rod or cone, bipolar, ganglion) is linked with its counterpart in the other eye by a partial crossover of each eye's fibers. This causes the effect in one eye to carry over to the other. If the drug pilocarpine is administered, the pupils will constrict and accommodation is increased due to the parasympathetic action on the circular muscle fibers, conversely, atropine will cause paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia) and dilation of the pupil. The sympathetic nerve system can dilate the pupil in two ways: by the stimulation of the sympathetic nerve in the neck, or by influx of adrenaline.

Optic effects

When bright light is shone on the eye light sensitive cells in the retina, including rod and cone photoreceptors and melanopsin ganglion cells, will send signals to the oculomotor nerve, specifically the parasympathetic part coming from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which terminates on the circular iris sphincter muscle. When this muscle contracts, it reduces the size of the pupil. This is the pupillary light reflex, which is an important test of brainstem function. Furthermore, the pupil will dilate if a person sees an object of interest.

The pupil gets wider in the dark but narrower in light. When narrow, the diameter is 3 to 5 millimeters. In the dark it will be the same at first, but will approach the maximum distance for a wide pupil 4 to 9 mm. In any human age group there is however considerable variation in maximal pupil size. For example, at the peak age of 15, the dark-adapted pupil can vary from 4 mm to 9 mm with different individuals. After 25 years of age the average pupil size decreases, though not at a steady rate. At this stage the pupils do not remain completely still, therefore may lead to oscillation, which may intensify and become known as hippus. When only one eye is stimulated, both eyes contract equally. The constriction of the pupil and near vision are closely tied. In bright light, the pupils constrict to prevent aberrations of light rays and thus attain their expected acuity; in the dark this is not necessary, so it is chiefly concerned with admitting sufficient light into the eye.

A condition called ''bene dilitatism'' occurs when the optic nerves are partially damaged. This condition is typified by chronically widened pupils due to the decreased ability of the optic nerves to respond to light. In normal lighting, people afflicted with this condition normally have dilated pupils, and bright lighting can cause pain. At the other end of the spectrum, people with this condition have trouble seeing in darkness. It is necessary for these people to be especially careful when driving at night due to their inability to see objects in their full perspective. This condition is not otherwise dangerous.

Psychological effects

Edit: Excitement, fear or sexual arousal causes papillary dilation. Source: Dilated Pupils | Causes And Treatment For Pupil Dilation http://www.tandurust.com/eye-health/dilated-pupils-causes-treatment.html

The pupil dilates in response to extreme emotional situations such as fear, or to contact of a sensory nerve, such as pain. Task-evoked pupillary response is the tendency of pupils to dilate slightly in response to loads on working memory, increased attention, sensory discrimination, or other cognitive loads.

Facial expressions of sadness with small pupils are judged significantly more intensely sad with decreasing pupil size though the brainstem pupillary control Edinger-Westphal nucleus in proportion to a person's pupil size change response to that in another. The greater degree to which a person's pupil dilation mirrors another person's coincides with that person having a greater empathy score.

Effect of drugs

The sphincter muscle has a parasympathetic innervation, and the dilator has a sympathetic innervation. In pupillary constriction induced by pilocarpine, not only is the sphincter nerve supply activated but that of the dilator is inhibited. The reverse is true, so control of pupil size is controlled by differences in contraction intensity of each muscle.

Certain drugs cause constriction of the pupils, such as alcohol and opioids. Other drugs, such as atropine, LSD, MDMA, mescaline, psilocybin mushrooms, cocaine and amphetamines may cause pupil dilation.

Another term for the constriction of the pupil is miosis. Substances that cause miosis are described as miotic. Dilation of the pupil is mydriasis. Dilation can be caused by mydriatic substances such as an eye drop solution containing tropicamide.

See also

Pupillary response

Pupil function

Dilated fundus examination

Eye contact

Horner's syndrome

Mydriasis

Synechia (eye)

Anisocoria

Adie's pupil

Argyll Robertson pupil

Light Near dissociation

Marcus Gunn Pupil

Additional images

References

External links

- "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball" - "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"

A pupil examination simulator, demonstrating the changes in pupil reactions for various nerve lesions.

Category:Eye anatomy

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name	Lucy Maud Montgomery
alt	L.M. Montgomery
birth date	November 30, 1874
birth place	Clifton, Prince Edward Island
death date	April 24, 1942
death place	Toronto, Ontario
occupation	Novelist
nationality	Canadian
alma mater	Prince of Wales College, Dalhousie University
period	1891–1939
genre	Children's literature
notableworks	''Anne of Green Gables''
spouse	Ewan Mcdonald
children	Chester and Stuart
Influenced	Stephenie Meyer, Kit Pearson, Tracy Chevalier, Rachna Gilmore, Astrid Lindgren
portaldisp	}}

Lucy Maud Montgomery CBE (November 30, 1874 April 24, 1942), called "Maud" by family and friends and publicly known as L.M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a series of novels beginning with ''Anne of Green Gables,'' published in 1908. ''Anne of Green Gables'' was an immediate success. The central character, Anne, an orphaned girl, made Montgomery famous in her lifetime and gave her an international following. The first novel was followed by a series of sequels with Anne as the central character. Montgomery went on to publish 20 novels as well as 500 short stories and poems. Because many of the novels were set on Prince Edward Island, Canada and the Canadian province became literary landmarks.

Montgomery's work, diaries and letters have been read and studied by scholars and readers worldwide.

Early life

Lucy Maud Montgomery was born in Clifton (now New London), Prince Edward Island on November 30, 1874. Her mother, Clara Woolner Macneill Montgomery, died of tuberculosis when Montgomery was 21 months old (a year and 9 months). Stricken with grief over his wife’s death, Hugh Montgomery gave custody over to Montgomery’s maternal grandparents. Later he moved to Saskatchewan when Montgomery was seven years old. She went to live with her maternal grandparents, Alexander Marquis Macneill and Lucy Woolner Macneill, in the nearby community of Cavendish and was raised by them in a strict and unforgiving manner. Montgomery’s early life in Cavendish was very lonely. Despite having relations nearby, much of her childhood was spent alone. Montgomery credits this time of her life, in which she created many imaginary friends and worlds to cope with her loneliness, as what developed her creative mind.

In November 1890, Montgomery had her first work in the Charlottetown paper, Daily Patriot. She was as excited about this as she was about her return to her beloved Prince Edward Island, in 1891. The return 'home' was a great relief to her. Her home life was an unhappy one due to the fact that Montgomery and her stepmother, Mary Ann McRae, did not get along and because by, "... Maud’s account, her father's marriage was not a happy one." In 1893, following the completion of her grade school education in Cavendish, she attended Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown. Completing a two-year program in one year, she obtained her teaching certificate. In 1895 and 1896, she studied literature at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Writing career, romantic interests, and family life

Upon leaving Dalhousie, Montgomery worked as a teacher in various island schools. Montgomery did not enjoy her teaching career; however, she was content because it afforded her time to write. Beginning in 1897, she began to have her short stories published in various magazines and newspapers. A prolific talent, Montgomery had over 100 stories published from 1897 to 1907 inclusive.

During her teaching years, Montgomery had numerous love interests. As a highly fashionable young woman, she enjoyed "slim, good looks," and she was the attention of several young men. In 1889, Montgomery began a relationship with a Cavendish boy named Nate Lockhart. To Montgomery, the relationship was merely a humorous and witty friendship. It ended abruptly when Montgomery refused his marriage proposal.

The early 1890s brought unwelcome advances from Mr. John A. Mustard and Will Pritchard. Mr. Mustard, her teacher, quickly became her suitor who tried to impress her with his knowledge of religious matters. His best topics of conversation were his thoughts on Predestination and "other dry points of theology." He held little appeal for Montgomery. During the period when Mustard’s interest became more pronounced, Montgomery found a new interest in Will Pritchard, the brother of her friend Laura Pritchard. This friendship was more amiable; however, again, Montgomery felt less than her suitor did for her. When Pritchard sought to take their friendship further, Montgomery resisted. Montgomery refused marriage proposals from both because the former was narrow-minded and latter was merely a good chum. She ended the period of flirtation when she moved to Prince Edward Island. However, she and Pritchard did keep up correspondence over six years until Pritchard caught influenza and died in 1897.

In 1897, Montgomery accepted the proposal of Ed Simpson, who was a student in French River near Cavendish. Montgomery wrote that she accepted his proposal out of a desire for "love and protection" and because she felt her prospects were rather low. While teaching in Lower Bedeque, she had a brief but passionate romantic attachment to Herman Leard, a member of the family with which she boarded. In 1898, after much unhappiness and disillusionment, Montgomery broke off her engagement to Simpson. Montgomery no longer sought romantic love.

In 1898, Montgomery moved back to Cavendish to live with her widowed grandmother. For a short time in 1901 and 1902, she worked in Halifax for the newspapers ''Chronicle'' and ''Echo.'' She returned to live with her grandmother in 1902. Montgomery was inspired to write her first books during this time on Prince Edward Island. Over the next thirteen years, Montgomery stayed in Cavendish to take care of her grandmother. This coincided with period of considerable income from her publications. Although she enjoyed this income, she was aware that “marriage was a necessary choice for women in Canada.” Montgomery underwent several periods of depression while trying to cope with the duties of motherhood and church life and with her husband’s attacks of religious melancholia and deteriorating health: "For a woman who had given the world so much joy was mostly an unhappy one."

Montgomery wrote her next eleven books from the Leaskdale manse. The structure was subsequently sold by the congregation and is now the Lucy Maud Montgomery Leaskdale Manse Museum. In 1926, the family moved in to the Norval Presbyterian Charge, in present-day Halton Hills, Ontario, where today the Lucy Maud Montgomery Memorial Garden can be seen from Highway 7.

In 1935, upon her husband's retirement, Montgomery moved to Swansea, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto, buying a house which she named Journey's End, situated on the Humber River. Montgomery continued to write, publishing ''Anne of Windy Poplars'' in 1936, ''Jane of Lantern Hill'' in 1937, and ''Anne of Ingleside'' in 1939.

In the last year of her life, Montgomery completed what she intended to be a ninth book featuring Anne, titled ''The Blythes Are Quoted''. It included fifteen short stories (many of which were previously published) that she revised to include Anne and her family as mainly peripheral characters; forty-one poems (most of which were previously published) that she attributed to Anne and to her son Walter, who died as a soldier in the Great War; and vignettes featuring the Blythe family members discussing the poems. An abridged version, which shortened and reorganized the stories and omitted all the vignettes and all but one of the poems, was published as a collection of short stories ''The Road to Yesterday'' in 1974. A complete edition of ''The Blythes Are Quoted'', edited by Benjamin Lefebvre, was published in its entirety by Viking Canada in October 2009.

Death and legacy

thumb|Lucy Maud Montgomery MacDonaldwife ofEwan MacDonald1874 - 1942 It was reported that Montgomery died from coronary thrombosis in Toronto. However, it was revealed by her granddaughter, Kate Macdonald Butler, in September 2008 that Montgomery suffered from depression - possibly as a result of caring for her mentally ill husband for decades - and took her own life via a drug overdose. But, there is another point of view. According to Mary Rubio, who wrote a biography of Montgomery ''Lucy Maud Montgomery: The Gift of Wings'' (2008), the message was intended to be a journal entry rather than a suicide note.

She was buried at the Cavendish Community Cemetery in Cavendish following her wake in the Green Gables farmhouse and funeral in the local Presbyterian church.

During her lifetime, Montgomery published 20 novels, over 500 short stories, an autobiography, and a book of poetry. Aware of her fame, by 1920 Montgomery began editing and recopying her journals, presenting her life as she wanted it remembered. In doing so certain episodes were changed or omitted. Her major collections are archived at the University of Guelph, while the L.M. Montgomery Institute at the University of Prince Edward Island coordinates most of the research and conferences surrounding her work. The first biography of Montgomery was ''The Wheel of Things: A Biography of L.M. Montgomery,'' (1975) written by Mollie Gillen. Dr. Gillen also discovered over 40 of Montgomery's letters to her pen-friend George Boyd MacMillan in Scotland and used them as the basis for her work. Beginning in the 1980s, her complete journals, edited by Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston, were published by the Oxford University Press. From 1988-95, editor Rea Wilmshurst collected and published numerous short stories by Montgomery.

Despite the fact that Montgomery published over twenty books, "she never felt she achieved her one 'great' book." Her readership, however, has always found her characters and stories to be among the best in fiction. Mark Twain said Montgomery’s Anne was “the dearest and most moving and delightful child since the immortal Alice. Montgomery was honoured by being the first female in Canada to be named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in England and by being invested in the Order of the British Empire in 1935.

Her fame was not limited to Canadian audiences. Anne of Green Gables became a success worldwide. For example, every year, thousands of Japanese tourists "make a pilgrimage to a green-gabled Victorian farmhouse in the town of Cavendish on Prince Edward Island...." A national park was established near Mongomery's home in Cavendish in honour of her works.

Montgomery's home of Leaskdale Manse in Ontario and the area surrounding Green Gables and her Cavendish home in Prince Edward Island have both been designated National Historic Sites of Canada. Montgomery herself was designated a Person of National Historic Significance by the Government of Canada in 1943.

Works

Novels

''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908)

''Anne of Avonlea'' (1909) (sequel to ''Anne of Green Gables'')

''Kilmeny of the Orchard'' (1910)

''The Story Girl'' (1911)

''The Golden Road'' (1913) (sequel to ''The Story Girl'')

''Anne of the Island'' (1915) (sequel to ''Anne of Avonlea'')

''Anne's House of Dreams'' (1917) (sequel to ''Anne of Windy Poplars'')

''Rainbow Valley'' (1919) (sequel to ''Anne of Ingleside'')

''Rilla of Ingleside'' (1921) (sequel to ''Rainbow Valley'')

''Emily of New Moon'' (1923)

''Emily Climbs'' (1925) (sequel to ''Emily of New Moon'')

''The Blue Castle'' (1926)

''Emily's Quest'' (1927) (sequel to ''Emily Climbs'')

''Magic for Marigold'' (1929)

''A Tangled Web'' (1931)

''Pat of Silver Bush'' (1933)

''Mistress Pat'' (1935) (sequel to ''Pat of Silver Bush'')

''Anne of Windy Poplars'' (1936) (sequel to ''Anne of the Island'')

''Jane of Lantern Hill'' (1937)

''Anne of Ingleside'' (1939) (sequel to ''Anne's House of Dreams'')

''The Blythes Are Quoted'', edited by Benjamin Lefebvre (2009) (sequel to ''Rilla of Ingleside'')

Short story collections

''Chronicles of Avonlea'' (1912)

''Further Chronicles of Avonlea'' (1920)

''The Road to Yesterday'' (1974)

''The Doctor's Sweetheart'', selected by Catherine McLay (1979)

''Akin to Anne: Tales of Other Orphans'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1988)

''Along the Shore: Tales by the Sea'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1989)

''Among the Shadows: Tales from the Darker Side'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1990)

''After Many Days: Tales of Time Passed'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1991)

''Against the Odds: Tales of Achievement'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1993)

''At the Altar: Matrimonial Tales'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1994)

''Across the Miles: Tales of Correspondence'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1995)

''Christmas with Anne and Other Holiday Stories'', edited by Rea Wilmshurst (1995)

Short stories by chronological order

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1896 to 1901'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565102

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1902 to 1903'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565119

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1904'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565126

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1905 to 1906'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565133

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1907 to 1908'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565140

''Lucy Maud Montgomery Short Stories: 1909 to 1922'' (2008) ISBN 978-1406565157

Poetry

''The Watchman & Other Poems'' (1916)

''The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery'', selected by John Ferns and Kevin McCabe (1987)

Non-fiction

''Courageous Women'' (1934) (with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley)

Autobiography

''The Alpine Path: The Story of My Career'' (1975; originally published in ''Everywoman's World'' in 1917)

''The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery'' (5 vols.), edited by Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston (1985–2004)

Notes

References

External links

Texts, images and collections

Works by L M Montgomery at Project Gutenberg Australia

Picturing A Canadian Life: L.M. Montgomery's Personal Scrapbooks and Book Covers

L.M. Montgomery Collection at the University of Guelph Library, Archival and Special Collections, contains her personal journals, scrapbooks, and more than 800 items

Representative Poetry Online

Lucy Maud Montgomery's contract for Anne of Green Gables, 1907

Organizations

The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society This site includes information about Montgomery's works and life and research from the newsletter, ''The Shining Scroll''.

L.M. Montgomery Institute

L.M. Montgomery Research Centre Highlights the extensive L.M. Montgomery collection at the University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections.

Lucy Maud Montgomery Leaskdale Manse Museum Website

The L.M. Montgomery Research Group is a site that includes a blog, an extensive bibliography of reference materials, and a complete filmography of all adaptations of Montgomery texts.

Category:1874 births Category:1942 deaths Category:Canadian Christians Category:Canadian novelists Category:Canadian diarists Category:Canadian children's writers Category:Canadian women writers Category:Women diarists Category:People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island Category:Canadian Presbyterians Category:People from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan Category:Dalhousie University alumni Category:Writers from Prince Edward Island Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:National Historic Persons of Canada Category:People from Toronto

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Adolf Fredrik Lindblad (1 February 1801  – 23 August 1878) was a Swedish composer, mainly remembered for his songs.

Lindblad composed one opera, ''Frondörerna'' (''The rebels''), two symphonies, in C and D major, and chamber music including two string quintets, three violin sonatas and seven string quartets. The main source of his popularity during his lifetime was the more than two hundred songs he composed. The mentor, and would-be lover, of Jenny Lind, "The Swedish Nightengale," Lindblad's affection for Lind was so obvious that his wife, Sophie, offered to divorce him so that he could marry her. He did not.

External links

Listen to a free MP3 recording of En sommarafton with Umeå Akademiska Kör.

Listen to a free MP3 recording of Drömmarne with Hemavans Sommarkör 2006.

Category:1801 births Category:1878 deaths Category:Romantic composers Category:Swedish composers Category:19th-century Swedish people

de:Adolf Fredrik Lindblad ja:アドルフ・フレドリク・リンドブラード sv:Adolf Fredrik Lindblad

name	Adolf Frederick
title	King of Sweden
reign	25 March 1751 – 12 February 1771 ()
coronation	26 November 1751
predecessor	Frederick I
successor	Gustav III
spouse	Louisa Ulrika of Prussia
issue	Gustav IIICharles XIIIPrince Frederick AdolfPrincess Sophia Albertina
religion	Lutheran
royal house	House of Holstein-Gottorp
royal motto	''Statens välfärd min välfärd''("The welfare of the state – my welfare")
father	Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin
mother	Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
birth date	14 May 1710
birth place	Gottorp, Schleswig, Duchy of Schleswig
death date	February 12, 1771
death place	Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
date of burial	26 February 1771
place of burial	Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm }}

Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick (, ; Gottorp, 14 May 1710 – Stockholm, 12 February 1771) was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death. He was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach.

The first King from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, Adolph Frederick was a weak monarch, instated as first in line of the throne following the parliamentary government's failure to reconquer the Baltic provinces in 1741-43. Asides from a few attempts to, supported with pro-absolutist factions among the nobility reclaim the absolute monarchy held by former predecessors he remained a mere constitutional figurehead until his death, by popular belief attributed to a heavy consumption of semlas. His reign saw an extended period of internal peace, although the finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration ended only in the 1765-66 parliament, where the Cap opposition overtook the government and enacted reforms towards greater economic liberalism as well as a Freedom of Press Act almost unique at the time for its curtailing of all censorship, retaining punitive measures only for libeling the monarch or the Lutheran state church.

Following his death, his son Gustav III seized power through violent means in a 1772 coup d'etat, reinstating absolute rule. The rule of the Riksdag was not to prevail again until after World War I, when universal and equal suffrage was also instated (although under Adolf Frederick a minor number of women have had the vote).

Ancestry

His father was Christian Augustus (1673—1726) duke and a younger prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, prince-bishop of Lubeck, and administrator, during the Great Northern War, of the duchies of Holstein-Gottorp for his relative Charles Frederick. His mother was Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach.

On his mother's side, Adolf Frederick descended from king Gustav I of Sweden and from Christina Magdalena, a sister of Charles X of Sweden. From both his parents he was descended from Holstein-Gottorp, a house with a number of medieval Scandinavian royal dynasties among its ancestors. Adolf Frederick was also a 13th-generation descendant of Erik V of Denmark; a 13th-generation descendant of Sophia of Denmark and Valdemar I of Sweden; and an 11th-generation descendant of Euphemia of Sweden, Duchess of Mecklenburg and her husband the duke Albrecht.

Reign

From 1727 to 1750 prince Adolf Frederick was prince-bishop of Lübeck (which meant the rulership of a fief around and including Eutin), and administrator of Holstein-Kiel during the minority of his nephew, Duke Charles Peter Ulrich, afterwards Peter III of Russia. In 1743 he was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hat faction in order that they might obtain better conditions at the Peace of Turku from Empress Elizabeth of Russia, who had adopted his nephew as her heir. He succeeded as Adolf Fredrik on 25 March 1751.

During his twenty-year reign Adolf Frederick was little more than a figurehead, the real power being lodged in the hands of the Parliament of Sweden, often distracted by party strife. Twice he endeavoured to free himself from the tutelage of the estates. The first occasion was in 1755 when, stimulated by his imperious consort Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (sister of Frederick the Great), he tried to regain a portion of the attenuated prerogative, and nearly lost his throne in consequence. On the second occasion, under the guidance of his eldest son, the crown prince Gustavus, afterwards Gustav III of Sweden, he succeeded in overthrowing the "Cap" senate, but was unable to make any use of his victory.

His mother died a widow in Hamburg on 22 December 1755. She was a descendant of earlier royal dynasties of Sweden, granddaughter of Christina Magdalena of Palatinate, Charles X's sister.

Death

The king died on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal consisting of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, kippers and champagne, which was topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: ''semla'' served in a bowl of hot milk. He is thus remembered by Swedish school children as "the king who ate himself to death."

He was regarded, both during his time and in later times, as dependent on others, a weak ruler and lacking of any talents. But he was allegedly also a good husband, a caring father and a gentle master to his servants. His favourite pastime was to make snuff boxes, which he allegedly spent a great deal of time doing. His personal hospitality and friendliness were witnessed by many who deeply mourned him at his death.

His portrait is included with the 16-sheet series of ''Princely Persons on Horseback'' by Johann Elias Ridinger.

Children

By his marriage to Princess Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (which took place on 18 August/29 August 1744 in Drottningholm), he had the following children:

#(Stillborn) (Stockholm, 18 February 1745 - Stockholm, 18 February 1745) #Gustav III (1746–1792) #Charles XIII (1748–1818) #Frederick Adolf (1750–1803) #Sofia Albertina (1753–1829)

Ancestors

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Adolf Frederick of Sweden |2= 2. Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin |3= 3. Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach |4= 4. Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp |5= 5. Frederikke Amalie of Denmark |6= 6. Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach |7= 7. Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp |8= 8. Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp |9= 9. Marie Elisabeth of Saxony |10= 10. Frederick III of Denmark |11= 11. Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg |12= 12. Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach |13= 13. Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken |14= 14. Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (= 8) |15= 15. Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (= 9) |16= 16. John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp |17= 17. Augusta of Denmark |18= 18. John George I, Elector of Saxony |19= 19. Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia |20= 20. Christian IV of Denmark |21= 21. Anne Catherine of Brandenburg |22= 22. George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |23= 23. Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt |24= 24. Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach |25= 25. Barbara of Württemberg |26= 26. John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg |27= 27. Catharina of Sweden |28= 28. John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (= 16) |29= 29. Augusta of Denmark (= 17) |30= 30. John George I, Elector of Saxony (= 18) |31= 31. Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia (= 19) }}

References

Herman Lindqvist, "Historien om Sverige, Nyttan och Nöjet" (In Swedish)

External links

Royal House of Sweden

Ducal House of Holstein-Gottorp

Royal House of Prussia

Category:1710 births Category:1771 deaths Category:People from Schleswig Category:Swedish monarchs Category:Rulers of Finland Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp Category:Swedish monarchs of German descent Category:People from the Duchy of Schleswig Category:Burials at Riddarholmen Church Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called Category:Administrators of Lübeck Prince-Bishopric

br:Adolf Fredrik ca:Adolf Frederic de Suècia cs:Adolf I. Fridrich da:Adolf Frederik af Sverige de:Adolf Friedrich (Schweden) et:Adolf Fredrik es:Adolfo Federico de Suecia eo:Adolfo Frederiko (Svedio) fr:Adolphe-Frédéric de Suède io:Adolf Fredrik di Suedia id:Adolf Fredrik it:Adolfo Federico di Svezia la:Adolphus Fridericus (rex Sueciae) lt:Adolfas Frederikas hu:Adolf Frigyes svéd király nl:Adolf Frederik van Zweden ja:アドルフ・フレドリク (スウェーデン王) no:Adolf Fredrik av Sverige pl:Adolf Fryderyk pt:Adolfo Frederico da Suécia ro:Adolf Frederic al Suediei ru:Адольф Фредрик simple:Adolf Frederick of Sweden fi:Aadolf Fredrik sv:Adolf Fredrik uk:Адольф Фредерік zh:阿道夫·弗雷德里克

Ion Voicu (; October 8, 1923 February 24, 1997) was a Romanian violinist and orchestral conductor of Romani ethnicity. In 1969 he founded the award-winning Bucharest Chamber Orchestra, which is now conducted by his son Mădălin Voicu.

Voicu was born in Bucharest, into a family of professional musicians. At age 6, he had his first music lessons with Constantin Niculescu. At age 14, he entered the Royal Academy of Music in Bucharest, where he studied with George Enocovici. After graduating in 1940, he became violinist with the National Radio Orchestra of Romania, where he was noticed by the conductor, Willem Mengelberg; Voicu made his debut as a soloist with the orchestra soon after. In 1946, he won the first prize at a musical competition organized in Bucharest by George Enescu and Yehudi Menuhin.

In 1949, Voicu first appeared as a soloist with the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra under George Georgescu, and he achieved great acclaim as a participant in their 1957 tour of Belgrade; from 1972 to 1982, he was the director of the Philharmonic.

External links

Margaret Campbell, "Obituary: Ion Voicu", ''The Independent'', March 3, 1997

Orchestra Națională Radio

References

Category:1923 births Category:1997 deaths Category:People from Bucharest Category:Romani musicians Category:Romani violinists Category:Romanian conductors (music) Category:Romanian Romani people Category:Romanian violinists

pl:Ion Voicu ro:Ion Voicu rmy:Yon Voiku ru:Войку, Ион (скрипач)